We introduce you to the Kingdom of Spain. It can be described as one of the warmest countries in Europe and is made for those who enjoy a warm climate and relaxed lifestyle. Statistics show that the population of Spain is currently estimated at around 46.7 million. The most numerous ethnic group are Spaniards.

The official currency is the euro (EUR). Spain is a member of the European Union and the Schengen area, which offers many advantages to its residents. A residence permit is required for a longer stay. If you are visiting Spain for a short period of up to 90 days, a simple visa is required.

Immigration services
The Ministry of the Interior is responsible for immigration services in Spain. If you are not an EU citizen and want to stay in Spain for more than three months, you will need a residence card, residence visa or work permit. Corporate immigration is quite well developed in Spain and the Spanish government offers international investors and entrepreneurs several options for a comfortable relocation: Asset Visa, Golden Visa, Investor Visa, Skilled Worker Visa, Student Visa. Most law firms that deal with immigration law can offer you a packaged service solution as well as a preliminary case assessment for the possible outcome of the immigration case.

Before World War II, the economy was based on agriculture and a growing industrial sector similar to that of Finland. Butter, milk and cheese were well known in Western European markets. The main markets were Germany and the UK, and the USSR accounted for only 3% of total trade.

The annexation of Estonia by the USSR and subsequent destruction by the Nazis and the Soviets crippled the Estonian economy. The Sovietization of life after the war continued with the integration of Estonian economy and industry into the USSR. Before the war, Estonia and Finland had a similar standard of living. By 1987, capitalist Finland's GDP per capita was $14,370, while communist Estonia's GDP per capita was $2,000.

After Estonia's late departure from communism and becoming an independent capitalist economy in 1991, it became a pioneer of the world economy. In 1994, it was one of the first countries to introduce a non-income-related flat tax with a uniform tax rate of 26%. From 2005 and 2008 the income tax rate was reduced to 21%. Estonia received more foreign investment in the second half of the 1990s than any other country in Eastern Europe. The country caught up quickly. According to the World Bank, it is already classified as a high-income country. The country's GDP per capita was $23,631 in 2012 according to the World Bank. Due to its economic performance, Estonia is referred to as one of the Baltic Tigers.

Banking system
The Bank of Estonia is an independent central bank. Estonia is part of the euro zone and the core tasks of the bank are to help shape the monetary policy of the European Community and to implement the monetary policy of the central bank. Eesti Pank holds and manages Estonia's foreign exchange reserves and overall financial stability and maintains well-functioning payment systems. The Bank of Estonia is responsible for cash circulation in Estonia.

Developments in the banking sector have been rapid and inviting to foreign capital. After a relatively stable period in the 2000s, the banking sector was restructured as a result of privatization and bankruptcy. The banking sector is dominated by two commercial banks, Swedbank and SEB. These banks control about 62% of the financial market. There are no state commercial banks or other credit institutions in Estonia.

During the transition to a market economy, Estonia took a position on the development of private banking. Episodes of the banking crisis in the early 1990s led to tighter regulation to encourage oversight of the financial sector. This led to the establishment of the Financial Inspectorate, which exercises supervision over all Estonian financial institutions.

The financial system is largely bank-based and the local stock markets play a minor role. The small size of the economy, the monetary environment together with the full convertibility of currencies, the free movement of capital since the early years of the transition and the low level of public debt with prudent fiscal policies have all had their impact on the financial sector. The banking sector has been mostly foreign-owned since the 1990s when major Swedish banking groups took over two large Estonian banks. This has created a need for cooperation between home and reception authorities in the Nordic-Baltic region.

Investment institutions
Mutual funds offer a range of investment opportunities. A total of four types of investment funds are authorized in the country. Contract investments and mutual funds are the main types of funds used for investments. Most mutual funds are managed by commercial banks. The activities of the pension funds build on the pension reform implemented in 2003.

Contributions to the pension fund are compulsory for young people. Others can join the system, but cannot cancel the contract afterwards. The contribution to compulsory pension insurance is 2% of salary, to which the state adds 4%. Mandatory pension funds have become popular. Voluntary insurance companies offer classic insurance services such as life insurance. There are tax incentives where individuals can contribute up to 15% of their income exempt from income tax.

Venture capital institutions are becoming increasingly accessible. Access to finance from the EBRD and other programs has become easier. The amount of venture capital tied to Estonia is still small compared to developed countries. The capital is usually of foreign origin, although many local banking entities are also involved in investment activity by providing private equity financing.

Lithuanian land plots purchased by the owners are registered in the Land Registry. Upon registration, the property is entered on a digital map, which can be used to check that the boundaries of the new property do not overlap with the boundaries of neighboring properties already recorded in the real estate cadastre, or with the boundaries of administrative units, cadastral areas, etc blocks or with adjacent streets, bodies of water or waterways.

Cartographic materials and georeferenced data of Lithuania are used to display property boundaries on digital maps. Since the properties created as part of the land reform since 1992 were first entered in the property cadastre and land register and only later mapped, there are considerable property deviations.

In 2005 a process of correcting and updating cadastral maps was started with the aim of correcting the boundaries of properties bordering terrain features such as roads or waterways. The boundaries of neighboring properties entered on the cadastral maps were later checked using updated maps.

We introduce you to the Federal Republic of Germany, which can be described as a typically Western European country with its own traditions, history and values. Statistics show that the population of Germany can currently be estimated at around 82.8 million people. The dominant ethnic group is German (81%), with 12% of the total population being immigrants. The official language is German.

German nominal GDP per capita is estimated at around USD 53,276. The official currency is the euro (EUR). Germany is a member of the European Union and the Schengen area, which offers its residents many advantages.

Immigration law states that if you are not an EU citizen and intend to stay in Germany for more than 90 days at a time or to carry out commercial or professional activities, you can obtain a temporary or unlimited residence permit. A German visa is required for a short-term stay of up to 90 days. The law currently provides for several important reasons for this.

Immigration services
The immigration authorities in the Federal Republic of Germany are well developed, even if immigration policies can be very strict. The Federal Office for Migration and Refugees , which is responsible for foreigner issues, offers residence permits, so-called golden visas, on an investment basis: if you buy a property in Germany for at least EUR 300,000 or invest EUR 200,000 in one newly opened company. Nevertheless, due to strict legal regulations, it can be quite difficult to obtain a residence permit in Germany.

Official Name: Republic of Estonia
Capital: Tallinn
Total area: 45 227 km2
GDP per capita: $21,713
Native Language: Estonian
Government: Parliamentary republic
Population: 1,286,540
Major Religion: Irreligion, Evangelical Lutheranism
Monetary Unit: Euro (EUR)

Estonia, the northernmost of the Baltic states, regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. It is a mostly flat country on the east coast of the Baltic Sea with many lakes and islands. Much of the land is farmed or forested.

The Estonian language is closely related to Finnish, but bears no resemblance to the languages ​​of the other Baltic republics, Latvia and Lithuania, or to Russian. About a quarter of the population is of Russian-speaking origin.

The capital Tallinn is one of the best preserved medieval cities in Europe and tourism accounts for 15% of Estonia's GDP. The economy is driven by engineering, food, metals, chemicals and wood products.

Throughout history, many other nations that ruled the region - Danes, Germans, Swedes, Poles and Russians - have influenced Estonian cuisine. Traditional dishes include marinated eel, black pudding and pork sauerkraut stew.

Famous Estonians include the writer Jaan Kross, whose work has been translated into at least 20 languages, the author of the national epic (Kalevipoeg) Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald, and the writer, filmmaker, diplomat and politician Lennart Meri.

Health & Wellbeing
The government pays for national health care, child support and pensions.

Economy & Jobs
industry, trade and tourism.

Main attraction
Hiiumaa Island, Lahemaa National Park and Saaremaa Island.

Business
As a member of the European Union, Estonia is considered a high-income economy by the World Bank. The country ranked 16th in the 2012 Index of Economic Freedom with the freest economy in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Because of its rapid growth, Estonia has often been referred to as the Baltic Tiger. On January 1, 2011, Estonia adopted the euro and became the 17th member state of the euro zone.

According to Eurostat, at the end of 2010, Estonia had the lowest public debt-to-GDP ratio of 6.7% among EU countries. The world media have recently started describing Estonia as a Nordic country, emphasizing the economic, political and cultural differences between Estonia and its less successful Baltic neighbors.

A balanced budget, almost zero government debt, a flat income tax, a free trade regime, a competitive commercial banking sector, innovative e-services and even mobile-based services are all hallmarks of the Estonian market economy.

Area: 64,589 square kilometers or 24,937 square miles.
Regions: Kurzeme, Zemgale, Vidzeme, Latgale.
Total length of the national border: 1,862 km.
Length of the Latvian Baltic Sea coast: 494 km.
Population: 2,272,300
Borders: Estonia, Russia, Belarus and Lithuania.

Short history of Latvia
The Republic of Latvia was founded on November 18, 1918 (November 18 is a national holiday and the day of Latvia's declaration of independence). After the end of the freedom struggle in 1920, several countries recognized Latvia's de jure independence, and 16 foreign missions were established in Riga. Latvia lost its independence in 1940 after the start of World War II. It was first occupied by the Soviet Union (from 1940 to 1941). Then followed the occupation by Nazi Germany (from 1941 to 1945). However, the Soviet Union regained power and occupied Latvia again (from 1945 to 1991). As a result of Gorbachev's reforms, on August 21, 1991, Latvia declared de facto restoration of its independence. It restored international diplomatic relations and joined the United Nations (UN).

The name Latvia comes from the ancient Latgalians, who were one of the four Indo-European tribes involved in the ethnogenesis of Latvians along with Semigallians, Curians and Selons.

Flag of Latvia
The flag of Latvia with three horizontal stripes of maroon and white colors is one of the oldest flags in the world, dating back to the events in the city of Cēsis in the 13th century. According to legend, a mortally wounded general was wrapped in a white sheet along with his sword, and the blood stained both edges of the sheet. After the leader's death, this leaf was used as a flag in the next battle, which brought the Latvians to victory. The design of the Latvian flag is officially adopted and envisaged in the Latvian Constitution - Satversme.

Geography of Latvia and neighboring countries
Latvia is the central country of the Baltic States and is located in north-eastern Europe. Latvia's territory, whose terrain was formed during the Ice Age, consists of rich lowlands in the plains and temperate hills. Most of it is less than 100 meters below sea level. Latvia has a vast network of rivers and lakes, consisting of more than twelve thousand rivers and approximately two thousand lakes. Pine forests, dunes and white sandy beaches are everywhere in Latvia. The sea along the Latvian coast is very shallow, and the Gulf of Riga is no deeper than 26 meters. The highest mountain in Latvia is Gaiziņkalns (312 m). Latvia's neighboring countries are Estonia, Latvia, Russia and Belarus, and Latvia's strategic location facilitates trade and cultural development.

Climate Latvia
Latvia is in the temperate zone, and its climate is influenced by the proximity of the sea and air masses from the Atlantic Ocean. Latvia has four distinct seasons. Summers are mild, but winters - moderately cold; The humidity is relatively high and it rains frequently. The average temperature in summer is 15.8°C and in winter -4.5°C. Temperature records are accordingly at 36.4°C and -43.2°C. The weather in Latvia is characterized by frequent changes of air, since 170 fronts cross the area in February, July and October. These fronts are accompanied by strong winds, which are responsible for February's maximum snowstorms, July's high rainfall and thunderstorms, and October's strong winds, even storms.

Nature of Latvia
With more than 44% of its territory covered by forests and the vast network of rivers and thousands of lakes, Latvia is one of the best preserved sanctuaries for various wildlife. More than 27,000 animal and plant species live under natural conditions in areas that are still relatively untouched by humans. Many rare species such as the black stork and lesser spotted eagle live in their habitats of mixed forests, swamps and meadows. Latvia is also densely populated by otters, beavers, lynxes and wolves, as well as large numbers of deer, elk, foxes and wild boar. It is an interesting place for ornithologists and other bird watchers, particularly the coastal and wetland areas during migration periods, as well as for hunters during official hunting seasons.

Population of Latvia
The indigenous population of Latvia consists of Latvians and Fenno-Ugrian Lives (Livonians). The existing ethnic composition is the result of massive post-war migrations.The following comparison can be made – 77 % of the population were Latvians in 1935, whereas in 1989 this number had decreased to 52 %. Population was 2,248,374 in 2010, and the population dispersal is the following: 68 % live in cities and towns and 32 % – in rural areas.

Latvian language
Latvian is a Baltic language belonging to the Indo-European language family. The only language closely related to the Latvian language is Lithuanian. Latvian has been recognised as one of the most ancient and relatively unchanged languages in the world. It is the native language of approximately 1.5 million people.
Russian and English are also quite common in Latvia, but German, French and Scandinavian languages are rather rare. Latvian is the only official language in Latvia; however, there are several mechanisms in place to provide people who do not know Latvian language with effective legal protection.
The ethnic composition of Latvia is the following: 59.4 % are Latvians, 27.6 % – Russians, 3.6 % –Belarusians, 2.5 % – Ukrainians, 2.3 % – Poles, 1.3 % – Lithuanians, 3.3 % – other nationalities.